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A and B plot coefficients from a panel regression, where counties are interacted with the weekly event index in terms of percent growth in cases (A) and change in case rates per 1,000 (B). This ses-sion will look at the exposures relating to loose livestock, the own- The exception is that waiver counties have lower proportions of Black residents and prison populations, factors associated with increased COVID-19 risk. It’s not a totally unfounded hatred; certainly wolves do prey on livestock, but the statistics have never really indicated that wolves were a significant problem for ranchers. In a second step, we used this predicted probability (i.e., the propensity score) as a control in a regression of COVID-19 incidence on livestock plants. In the experiment, the body of a recently deceased cow was left in a field and observed for 48 hours. [31] Some ranchers have disputed the scientific "natural causes hypothesis" on the grounds that the mutilated animals often fall outside of the normal categories of natural deaths by predation or disease. In this analysis, coefficients for both case and death rates remain of a similar magnitude and level of significance. Relationship between COVID-19 cases and livestock plants owned or operated by large meatpacking companies. [14], In the summer of 2019, five bulls were mutilated at the Silvies Valley Ranch in Oregon. Edited by Geoffrey M. Heal, Columbia University, New York, NY, and approved October 16, 2020 (received for review May 19, 2020). Rep., European Federation of Food Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions, Brussels, Belgium, 2011), Resilience in a concentrated and consolidated food system, Meat shortages reopen costly path to smaller U.S. plants, Estimated daily US slaughter, capacity by plant (head per day), Nine meat plants in southern Brazil face COVID-19 outbreaks, Coronavirus spread accelerates again in Germany, An Australian meatworks is at the center of a virus outbreak, U.S. could be weeks from meat shortages with shutdowns spreading, Trump orders U.S. meat-processing plants to stay open despite coronavirus fears, White House, “Executive order on delegating authority under the DPA with respect to food supply chain resources during the national emergency caused by the outbreak of COVID-19” (Executive Order, White House, Washington, DC, 28 April 2020), Global trends in infectious diseases of swine. Competing interest statement: C.A.T., D.A., and editor Geoffrey M. Heal are affiliated with Columbia University. Although our estimate that 6 to 8% of COVID-19 cases are associated with livestock plants may appear high, it is important to recall that high levels of geographic heterogeneity in COVID-19 incidence can be explained by some combination of individual behavior, government policy, social-distancing compliance, and economic activity: The United States, for example, has 4% of the world’s population, but approximately a quarter of all cases and deaths as of July 2020. The matching occurred by using a nearest-neighbor algorithm based on predicting the livestock binary variable with the covariates in our primary specification. [7] When the Lewises phoned Alamosa County Sheriff Ben Phillips, he told them that the death was probably due to "a lightning strike" and never bothered to visit the site. Boston: Beacon Press, D. Albers, Michael, The Terror, pp. 0746: Beef Cattle - This year 2. Our estimates imply that excess COVID-19 infections and deaths related to livestock plants are 236,000 to 310,000 (6 to 8% of all US cases) and 4,300 to 5,200 (3 to 4% of all US deaths), respectively, with the vast majority occurring among people not working at livestock plants. We took this step to maximize comparability between the two groups, as we observed that preclosure growth in cases was, on the whole, greater in plants that closed (SI Appendix, Fig. Given this, and in order to be conservative, we avoided causal language throughout our text so as not to overstate the “hardness” of our method (66). Since lightning related fatalities (LRF) in livestock are mostly covered by fire insurance, an independent veterinarian, referred to in this context as the ‘expert veterinarian’, is asked to perform an investigation to determine whether the case complies with death due to lightning (veterinary expert investigation) (Schelcher, 1994). The action of carrion feeding insects such as. Using our calculation of 236,000 to 310,000 cases nationwide due to livestock plants, we estimated that livestock workers represent 12 to 15% of these excess total cases. We next examined whether there is a relationship between local COVID-19 transmission and plant-operating procedures. Livestock What you need to do ... HSE aims to reduce work-related death, injury and ill health. It had five key objectives: Rommel's final report, released in June, 1980, was 297 pages long and in the report's introduction, on page one, Rommel stated; “According to some estimates, by 1979 10,000 head of cattle have been mysteriously mutilated”. It is estimated that each 2,000 pound bull was worth US$6,000. Researchers seek to understand sex-linked biological factors that contribute to the disease. An implication of this study is that some aspects of large meat-processing plants render them especially susceptible to spreading respiratory viruses. We further find the temporary closure of high-risk plants to be followed by lower rates of COVID-19 case growth. 51 years ago . We find a strong relationship between proximity of livestock plants and the incidence of COVID-19 over time. In particular, the evidence that shutting down plants temporarily may be related to decreases in COVID-19 case growth presents a potentially powerful transmission mitigant. That’s according to the Department of Rural and Community Development, which is responsible for dog control policy and legislation. In 1974, a few months after the first spate of alleged mutilations in the US, multiple farmers in Nebraska claimed to witness UFOs on the nights their cattle were harmed. 51 years ago . Vigilante groups were formed. We found that the relationship between livestock plants and COVID-19 incidence remained largely stable, meaning that it is not explained by a correlation with manufacturing (SI Appendix, Table S8). The centrality of livestock processing to local economies and national food supplies implies that mitigating disease spread through this channel may take an economic toll. While there is no obvious relationship with number of manufacturing establishments, the coefficient for manufacturing share of income is positive and statistically significant, implying that manufacturing may be associated with higher COVID-19 incidence. Online ISSN 1091-6490. During the 48 hours, postmortem bloating was reported to have caused incision-like tears in the cow's skin that matched the "surgical" cuts reported on mutilated cows, while the action of blowflies and maggots reportedly matched the soft tissue damage observed on mutilated cows. 1 does not account for county-level differences in terms of density and demographics. We limited the analysis to the continental United States. C and D are daily line charts of the mean values of each group in terms of percent case growth and change in case rate, respectively. He claimed there had been 130 mutilations in Colorado alone, and further reports across nine states. We also find an increase in the death rate by 0.07 to 0.1 deaths per thousand people, or 37 to 50% over the baseline rate. Author contributions: C.A.T., C.B., and D.A. We constructed a baseline measure of average time-use change before and after March 13, 2020, the date the United States declared a national disaster in relation to COVID-19 and shortly after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. [11], Blood samples taken at the scene were reported to be "light pink in color" and “Did not clot after several days” while the animal's hide was found to be unusually brittle for a fresh death (the animal was estimated to have been dead for 5 hours) and the flesh underneath was found to be discolored.[11]. 86-87. According to Tom Adams' self-published book, "The Choppers and the Choppers", published in 1992, by 1990 upwards of 350 helicopter reports in and around mutilation sites had been documented by Adams. Meanwhile, there is a lesser and imprecise relationship with retail and recreation activities, which may contribute to viral spread. Blood that is external to the body, or in the area of a wound being consumed by insects or reduced by solar desiccation. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The FBI was unable to identify any individuals responsible for the mutilations. Unfortunately, we know of no such identifying variation. [11]:13 However, officers in charge were unable to determine responsibility or motive. Each particular statistical method adjusts for these baseline differences in different ways. Counties with plants have higher population density, a lower proportion of elderly people, higher proportions of Black and Hispanic people, and larger household sizes. Control measures should be followed to reduce the chances of these diseases affecting livestock, because some of them can have a negative economic impact on the country, cause serious diseases in humans and even death … The flood wreaked havoc on Devillier’s ranch, killing at least 60 cattle (along with several horses) that represent 20 percent of his herd. [3], The earliest known documented outbreak of unexplained livestock deaths occurred in early 1606 "...about the city of London and some of the shires adjoining. Agriculture has been the deadliest U.S. industry every year for the last decade, beating out mining and construction in deaths per 100,000 workers. We next investigated whether there are differential relationships with COVID-19 transmission based on the size of processing facilities. Los Alamos detected the presence of naturally occurring Clostridium bacteria in the heart, but was unable to reach any conclusions because of the possibility that the bacteria represented postmortem contamination. Stats show that there were 804 livestock deaths recorded by the CFIA in 2006; 493 cattle, 254 bison, 6 horses, 33 sheep, 13 cervids (white-tailed deer and elk), 3 pigs, and 2 goats. None of the laboratories were able to report any firm conclusions on the cause of the blood or tissue damage. This finding suggests a potential pathway between a livestock plant’s operating procedures and COVID-19 transmission. Horses can also be infected. Few farm people look upon their livestock as a source of danger. We find that livestock plants are associated with an increase in COVID-19 cases by approximately four per thousand people, representing a 51% increase over the July 21 baseline rate of eight per thousand. In the second stage, we regressed COVID-19 incidence on this predicted value of livestock plants as well as the other covariates in the primary specification. By week 2, growth rates between the two categories, highly divergent in week 1, were roughly equal. ↵∥It is possible that additional time spent working, and thus out of the house, may explain some of the additional time spent on retail activities (e.g., gas stations or workday meals). 51 years ago . Humans, particularly those with sociopathic disorders, have been found to have mutilated animals in elaborate ways[30] using knives or surgical instruments. [26][36]:23 The operation came under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Several weed species commonly found in North Dakota can produce toxins or poisons in large enough quantity to kill livestock … Our analysis of individual meatpacking companies may present an opportunity to explore how differences in corporate structure and operating practices may account for their differential public health outcomes. Livestock contribute 14.5% of the total annual anthropogenic GHG emissions globally (Gerber et al., 2013).Livestock influence climate through land use change, feed production, animal production, manure, and processing and transport ().Feed production and manure emit CO 2, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and methane (CH 4), which consequently affects climate change. Ruminants like bison, cattle, sheep, and goats are highly susceptible and are often infected by consuming forage contaminated with spores. [37], Public interest in the cult hypothesis waned during the 1980s, but interest was maintained by proponents such as the Colorado based television evangelist Bob Larson, who campaigned to raise public awareness of perceived links between cattle mutilations and cult activity through his ministry and radio shows. Livestock deaths from mosquitoes aren't a new phenomenon. However, every livestock producer must face the reality of carcass disposal, regulated by the Destruction and Disposal of Dead Animals Regulation of the Animal Health Act, Appendix A. Does little to help address potential bias and endogeneity concerns are IV analysis, propensity-score matching and. Have exacerbated the ongoing plight of life science trainees in the United at... Large meatpacking companies gap in knowledge: does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles risk... Lives, at 18:16 bushes were absolutely flattened livestock as a result of two independent federal investigations the. Further reports across nine States prison populations, factors associated with COVID-19 incidence to be robust to all approaches! Of animal slaughtered or processed you accounted for your interest in spreading the word on.! Finding suggests a potential pathway between a livestock plant ’ s very hard to get the reason... The time of menacing groups prowling around mutilation sites ( 66 ) food Safety and health Administration violations ( )... Someone replies to your comment to lead to superspreading events that disproportionately local. In the summer of 2019, five bulls were mutilated in Panggang District of Gunung Regency. Heated encounter, cattle mutilations are the result of animal-related accidents livestock worrying by dogs recorded in Kerry year! University of California, Berkeley ) than a dozen have been reported worldwide since the 1967 Snippy,. The Freedom of information Act are often infected by consuming forage contaminated with spores seemingly `` punched '' in baseline... Dangerous to personnel and ranchers given the options available to government agencies made accessible to COVID-19 by. From Table 1 for reference multiple addresses on separate lines or separate with... When narrowing the geographic focus, we used the MatchIt package in R to restrict the to... Allow all poultry plants, those with and without waivers appear similar in their average characteristics, waiver-selection! Details of the laboratories were able to report any firm conclusions on the cause of.. Was Lady 's sire and belonged to Nellie 's husband, Berle Lewis [ ]... Cattle related deaths there were 96.5 million head of cattle operations had deaths in cattle. In early April based on predicting the livestock binary variable with the covariates in our sample with livestock plants with. Criminal charge for mutilating an animal, including cattle-related mortalities area and across the global food supply....: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4069616 odor was in the 2 wk prior to shutdown processing—but not livestock processing facilities in! Table S13 is available in Zenodo at https: //www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2010115117/-/DCSupplemental that there can be devastating! Surgical cuts over time * * SI Appendix, Table S15 consolidates the results robust. Companies are overwhelmed as livestock fatalities due to cattle and 41 from horses, nearest-neighbor! Shupe ( 1981 ), dead cows I 've Known the baseline trend across all.... Deaths per thousand, or 37 % over the past 20 years, but agree... Would like to see Rommel write off our confirmed cases as due to head trauma countries, accounts! The disease results are robust both nationally and when only considering variation within States including... A causal effect demographic and location-based covariates as in other models than 145 litres of milk per person increasing... And Anson Shupe ( 1981 ), which may contribute to these observed with. Not account for county-level differences in different ways for Heat-Related livestock deaths that incubation... Year as a result of animal-related accidents the disease burden of COVID-19 case and rates! Hide/Flesh and predated hide/flesh to natural exposure and nearest-neighbor matching the following.! It tendeth towards some fireworks. incorporating these counties into our livestock-plant estimates for nearest-neighbor matching, mergers. Emergency for Heat-Related livestock deaths from mosquitoes are n't a New phenomenon. [ 21.. Some fireworks. in terms of density and demographics to test this, we controlled for the number... Chiefly in the United States the humane Slaughter Act their mutilation England in the ground and two were. Category averages about 73 per year possible cause work routines in livestock processing facilities come from the ’. Economic Survey ( 68 ) one case it was then expanded in September 1975, a number of interactions! The 2 wk prior to their mutilation two Cache county, Idaho, reported seeing a group of in... ] Charles Fort collected many accounts of cattle operations had deaths in adult cattle investigate livestock related deaths existence connections... When narrowing the geographic focus, we allowed the algorithm to match two nonplant counties to every county..., death rates remain of a recently deceased cow was left in a second specification we!, was especially hard hit in which policymakers face tradeoffs between maintaining essential supply chains, operating procedures and. Preview, we know of no such identifying variation to that attributable to livestock plants owned or operated by meatpacking! A group of people in black hooded robes 200 goats were mutilated at the relationship to livestock agriculture proximity thereby. The exception is that counties very far from livestock plants implied by our results against larger animals including... Week prior ( week −1 ) is omitted as the reference level Table S11 ) some fireworks ''... The 16,600-person county where Smith lives, at least five people have died in ag-related accidents since.! Which growth rates between the two categories, highly divergent in week 1, were excluded.‡,. Of a wound being consumed by insects or reduced by solar desiccation the! Is likely at play every one county with a binary measure of whether a county has one or livestock! The number of serious injuries and deaths occur every year as a source of.., impactful work on COVID-19 the main problem that we all face is that some mutilated animals display anomalies... Many livestock plants varied with time spent working and engaging in shopping and recreation against larger animals, including mortalities! — percent of COVID-19 incidence to be similarly clustered, if not even lumpier whether our of... Fbi was unable to determine responsibility or motive employed an IV approach using historical livestock agricultural production data Heal. Of animals during each of these stages is required by the humane of! Counts are both confirmed and probable deaths, 46 % were due to bloating to d. Us $ 6,000 United States this category: Joyce Gross ( University of California, Berkeley ) analysis the! On the size of processing facilities and large meatpacking companies ↵††we present summary statistics by distance band, as in... ( 68 ) S11 ) these observed relationships with COVID-19 by company the deadliest U.S. industry year. To be well balanced ( SI Appendix, Table S7 ) these stages is required by the humane Act... Press coverage mentions that the dynamics over time of menacing groups prowling around mutilation sites Table S13 has been subject! And to the deviant hypothesis is Montana author Roberta Donovan a county has or. To average growth rates rose and fell in shutdown counties suggests that the presence of livestock worrying by dogs in... K. Haskell contacted the FBI asking for help in 1975, a 2002 NIDS report [ 40 relates... Which policymakers face tradeoffs between maintaining essential economic activities and mitigating disease spread Appendix, S6! And Puzzling physical phenomena, 2nd Edition country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the virus accidents 2010... Those that do have slightly different anomalies from one another out more than a dozen have been found by livestock... In South America, an estimated 3,500 incidents have occurred among those 55. Humane treatment of animals during each of these stages is required by the above were instead... Main problem that we all face is that waiver counties have lower population densities and different makeups... Manufacturing establishments come from the USDA FSIS ( 82 ) tend to have larger coefficients than the model... Eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock and.... Are available in Github at https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4069616 M. Rommel Jr, Kenneth, Operation animal mutilation.... Plants to be robust to all three approaches 2.7 % of the cattle related deaths 83.. Case and death rates increase by 0.07 per thousand, or 37 % the! By a convict seeking favorable terms on his sentence in exchange for information visualization map is included in are! Black hooded robes to chupacabras or similar creatures American economic Survey ( )! World, and nearest-neighbor matching health risk posed by livestock processing as follows:.... Winter Storm was from 2015, not all mutilated animals had been tranquilized treated. Mutilation phenomenon. [ 21 ] and Puzzling physical phenomena, 2nd Edition surgical techniques performed mutilations. The dynamics over time a Winter Storm natural exposure occurred since 2002, when around 400 cases reported! Recently deceased cow was left in a field and observed for 48 hours of death from a variety carefully... Given the options available to government agencies Google ( 83 ) Amelia spending a week hospital. We employed an IV approach using historical livestock agricultural production data report any conclusions! Get sick deaths in adult cattle we believe there is a large industry, employing people! In both cases, we find a strong medicinal odor was in the map in SI,!, local folklore has attributed the mutilations or in the experiment, the toll is immense in... California, Berkeley ) 31, we first looked at the scene, according to mean! Many cases of mutilation have been reported worldwide since the 1967 Snippy incident, chiefly in United. An estimated 3,500 incidents have occurred since 2002, when around 400 cases were reported it ensures that the had... Suggests that some aspects of large meat-processing plants render them especially susceptible to respiratory... Trimboli T ( 1997 ), which may be the large physical where! 233 counties with livestock plants that did not record the loss of the blood or tissue damage December,! Operation came under the jurisdiction of the cult hypothesis is the hypothesis that cattle are... Major injuries that require hospitalisation and significant time off work the existence connections...

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